Xenophon’s Hellenika Book 7 Study Guide Questions
Hi all,
I hope your reading of Xenophon’s Hellenika is fruitful. Here are some questions to guide you through the last book of Hellenika. We’ve spent almost half a year journeying through this important document together. Now, it is time for us to come to some conclusions about Xenophon’s aims and the lessons that can help us understand his time period as well as our own much better. Keep your questions coming via e-mail, and I look forward to our last group discussion on Monday, July 12.
Andre
1. Athens & Sparta vs. Thebes
Book VII opens in the year 369 B.C. with Athens and Sparta negotiating an alliance against Thebes, now the preeminent power in Greece. In sections 7.1-7.14, speeches are given by two men on this topic. What does Prokles of Phleious advocate vis-à-vis Athens and Sparta? Why would an alliance between Athens and Sparta be so advantageous to the city-state of Phleious? Looking back at Prokles’ speech in Book VI.5.38-48 just a year before, what, if anything, is different in what he had proposed to the Athenians at that time? What does Kephisodotos propose to his fellow Athenians concerning this alliance with Sparta? What is he most concerned about? Why does Xenophon begin Book VII with these particular speeches coming from these two delegates? How do these issues have any bearing on how Book VII ends?
2. Theban invasion of Peloponnese ‘redux’
As a new campaign season gets underway in 369, Theban fortunes seem to fluctuate (VII.1.15-24). What is the reason for Thebes’ renewed intervention in the Peloponnese? How do events unfold regarding the allies for each side (i.e. Thebes and Sparta)? What is the main reason for Thebes stopping only as far as Corinth in this campaign season? How well are Athens and Sparta working together at this point to check Theban hegemony?
3. Allies, allies, allies
The year 368 begins with tensions between Sparta and Thebes still high (VII.1.25-32). As Arcadia begins military operations independent of its ally Thebes, Sparta moves to block Arcadia’s threat in the northern Peloponnese. At the same time, Philiskos, a Persian representative, arrives at Delphi to help make some peace between the rival Greek city-states. While Greek armies maneuver and engage with each other, what is happening within the Theban alliance? What is Arcadia’s overall strategy vis-à-vis Sparta? How do Arcadia’s military operations against Sparta have an impact on the ‘peace talks’ at Delphi? How does Messenia’s (see pictures on p. 277) independence figure in the balance of power? How decisive was the “tearless battle” for either Sparta or the Theban alliance? How is change measured in political terms after this battle? What is Xenophon trying to emphasize in this section concerning Greek allies in general on either side?
4. Theban-Persian treaty?
In the years 367-366 B.C., Theban strategy leads them to actively seek support from the Persian king. In VII.1.33-VII.1.46, we see Thebes try to gain an advantage over its Greek neighbors by soliciting Persian backing. What elements does Thebes have on its side in gaining preferential treatment over other Greek city-states from Persia? What are the most important proposals made by the Theban envoy Pelopidas in negotiating a treaty with Persia? Which Greek city-state or federation is the first to refuse the terms of this Theban-Persian treaty? Why? Why does this treaty fail with respect even to Thebes’ own allies? What kind of tension is replacing Greek national interests? How is this illustrated by the story of Euphron of Sicyon?
5. Heroic deeds of Phleious
As VII.2 digresses from the wider events unfolding in Greece, Xenophon describes the deeds of the city-state of Phleious in glowing terms. What is his reasoning for noting the accomplishments of a “small city” rather than larger Greek city-states? What characteristics of Phleious are noted and why? How do these characteristics relate to the overall subject matter in Book VII?
6. Euphron the tyrant
In VII.3, Xenophon slowly brings us back from the microcosmic example of Phleious to events in Sicyon and how they relate to Thebes in 366 B.C. How does Euphron’s tyranny over Sicyon compare with the previous story of Phleiasian loyalty to Sparta? Why would Xenophon juxtapose these two anecdotes here in Book VII? What point is he trying to make? Why is Euphron’s death so significant that it be mentioned here? What does it have to do with Thebes? Is Thebes shown as being weakened by these disturbances?
7. Peace for Corinth and a truly ‘Olympian’ battle?
During the years 366-363 B.C., the interests of Athens and Thebes begin to clash more and more. Caught in between (VII.4.1-10), Corinth negotiates for peace, neutrality, and independence. Given Corinth’s geographical location and its neighbors, which city-state (i.e. Thebes, Athens, or Sparta) is most threatening to it and why? What does this say about the state of political affairs across Greece? Further on in VII.4, more conflict erupts between Arcadia and Elis over the seizure of Lasion (VII.4.12), which initiates further intra-city strife between democratic and oligarchic factions w
ithin Elis (VII.4.13-27). How does Sparta attempt to re-impose its authority on this situation involving northern Peloponnesian city-states? Who or what is Sparta’s main concern? Events come to a head and armies converge at the sanctuary of Olympia (VII.4.28-32) of all places. Who participates in this battle? What is the result of this conflict for the Greek balance of power?
8. Greeks battle near Sparta and at Mantineia
During 364-363 B.C., Arcadia and its hitherto ally Thebes find themselves needing to settle their differences. As 362 B.C. opens (VII.5), the absence of Spartan influence seems to be the most noteworthy element as events around Mantineia draw forces from all over Greece: “the Mantineians and all the rest of the Arcadians who cared for the Peloponnese, and likewise the Eleians and the Achaeans, concluded that the Thebans clearly wanted the Peloponnese be in the very weakest state, so that its enslavement would be as easy as possible” (VII.5.1). The intervention of both Thebes and Athens at Mantineia forces a potential showdown between many Greek city-states. How does Xenophon describe Epaminondas’ initial moves into the Peloponnese against the Spartans? What role does Agesilaos play in these maneuvers? How does Archidamos lead the Spartans against Epaminondas? Why does Xenophon praise the Athenians as troops gather around Mantineia. Why does he not mention his son Gryllos? How does Xenophon characterize Epaminondas at this point? How does this compare with his previous description of Epaminondas? What is Xenophon’s final point about Hellenika (i.e. “Greek affairs”) at the end of this Book? What are we to understand about affairs between Greek city-states over the course of this whole book, Hellenika? How does the balance of power in Greece stand at this point? How does this last chapter address what the first chapter in Book VII began?
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Xenophon’s Hellenika June 2010 Book 6 – audio recording
Here’s the audio recording for the Xenophon Book 6 call. Listen online or download the mp3 file and listen to it as a podcast on your ipod.
Xenophon’s Hellenika Book VI Study Guide Questions
Dear fellow Xenophon readers,
As you finish reading through Book VI, here are some questions for us to think about and discuss on Monday. I hope your reading has been stimulating. It has been for me. I have found that Xenophon has had to figure out a way to relate the battle of Leuctra and the invasion of Laconia to a Spartan audience stung by the shame of these defeats. We’re in for an interesting discussion. Enjoy the questions for now.
Andre
1. Spartan hegemony challenged
In chapter 1 (375 B.C.) Polydamas of Pharsalus brings news of how Jason of Pherai intends to challenge rule in Thessaly. According to Polydamas’ speech, how is Spartan hegemony perceived by Jason of Pherai? by the people of Pharsalus? What do Thebes’ actions indicate about hegemony by either Athens or Sparta? What does Xenophon indicate about Sparta’s military commitments?
2. Corcyra and Greek allies
In chapter 2 (375-372 B.C.), Athens and Sparta spar in the Western coastal islands of Greece. What do the actions and description of Iphikrates, the Athenian admiral, show concerning Athenian control of the sea-lanes? What do the actions and description of Mnassipos, the Spartan admiral, show concerning Spartan influence in this area of the Mediterranean? How significant is the outcome of this particular engagement with respect to both Athens and Sparta? How does it relate to the allies of each Greek superpower?
3. Saber rattling
In chapter 3, Athenian-Theban relations grow more tense and Sparta is appealed to as a mediator. Three influential Athenians speak openly about the situation with Thebes in 371 B.C. What do each of these speeches reveal concerning:
Athens’ relationship with Sparta?
the autonomy of Greek cities under the “King’s peace” (i.e. treaty with king of Persia)?
Athens’ relationship with Persia?
Greece’s overall relationship with Persia? >
Thebes’ relationship with the rest of Greece?
4. Thebes ascendant
The year 371 B.C. finds the Spartan king Kleombrotos in chapter 4 stationed in Phocis just north of Boeotia near Thebes. After consulting with Sparta, what is Kleombrotos’ strategy for dealing with Thebes’ disregard of the recently established treaty? How is Kleombrotos ultimately compelled to attack Thebes? What is the point of comparing Kleombrotos to Agesilaos (VI. 4. 5)? How were the Thebans compelled to fight against the might of Sparta? What part does religion play in the events leading up to, as well as in the actual battle at Leuctra? What about the “fortune of war”?
5. Battle of Leuctra
As with other Greek historians, the details of the battle of Leuctra are not always as clear as we modern readers would like since most of it would have been common knowledge to any Greek schoolboy at the time. However, Xenophon’s emphasis in describing this battle should give hint to how he sees the battle. Starting at VI. 4. 8, how did the Spartan’s initial victorious skirmish with the Thebans contribute to Theban victory later? What two other components of Spartan military organization does Xenophon point out that are deficient? How does Xenophon’s account differ with Diodorus’ (pp. 476-479)? After a Spartan defeat like this, who grieves more for the Spartans, the families of those Spartan soldiers who died or those who survived to tell about it (VI. 4. 16)?
6. Rise and Fall of Thessaly
After the battle, Thebes requests Athens to ally itself with them (VI. 4. 19), but Athens fails to react. Thebes then seeks help from Jason of Pherai (VI. 4. 21) who immediately responds. Looking back at the beginning of Book VI, how does Polydamas portray Jason of Pherai? How does Jason show himself here? What do you suppose Jason’s overall strategy is concerning Greece? What does the rest of Greece think about Jason and his plans? How does Jason’s death give a clue to what the rest of Greece suspected about Jason? What does Xenophon think Jason is up to?
7. Inva
sion of Spartan territory
In chapter 5, Sparta intervenes in affairs between Tegea and Mantineia, and events snowball until the Spartan king Agesilaos invades Mantineia to settle matters in Sparta’s “backyard.” How does Xenophon describe Agesilaos’ deployment of Spartan force in the Mantineian intervention (VI. 15-21, pp. 254-255)? Does Agesilaos make any mistakes? What would have been the best outcome for the Spartans in this intervention? Why did that not happen?<o:p></o:p>
When Thebes finally arrives to support its allies against Sparta, Xenophon carefully leaves out Agesilaos as leading the Spartan effort. Who exactly is in charge during this battle between Sparta and Thebes? What encourages Thebes to actually invade Sparta, something no other Greek city-state had ever done successfully, including Athens? How does Xenophon characterize the Spartan defense of their own city?<o:p></o:p>
The actual battle between Spartan and Theban forces is represented primarily by an infantry battle at Oion (VI.5.26) and subsequent cavalry skirmishes (VI.5.30-32). According to Xenophon’s account, what were the primary reasons for Sparta’s defeat and Theban victory? Is there a decisive moment to this battle or is the decisive moment for Spartan defeat symbolized in some other description by Xenophon? How is Sparta’s fate in this battle understated and why?
8. Thebes and Athens
As Xenophon concludes Book VI, he reports on deliberations in the city of Athens by Spartan envoys (VI.5.33-48). We can see Hellenic policy (albeit without much Theban input) being discussed vis-à-vis Athens’ role in the balance of power between Sparta and Thebes. As Xenophon relates a summary of Spartan arguments for Athens’ help against Thebes (VI.5.33-35), how does Xenophon characterize the logic of these Spartan delegates? How is the Athenian response in VI.5.36 indicative of a democratic process?<o:p></o:p>
In VI.5.37-48, Xenophon includes two speeches that advocate for closer relations between Sparta and Athens in response to Theban supremacy. I know that these Greeks can be very persuasive, but how do either Kleiteles or Prokles manage to persuade Athens that it is in their best interest to honor Athens’ treaty with Sparta and confront Thebes with military action?
Xenophon’s concluding remarks center on Athens’ military response to Theban incursion into the Peloponnese. How does Xenophon characterize this Athenian response? How does Xenophon describe Iphikrates, the Athenian general, whom Xenophon had shown to be a very able general/admiral both in Books IV and VI? How is this assessment of Iphikrates also a comment on Athens’ policy toward Sparta? on Greek politics in general?
Shakespeare in the Spring Podcast – May 2010 – Hamlet
Thank you all for an illuminating discussion of Hamlet tonight. I feel like we touched on a number of important issues: Hamlet’s “madness,” his problematic relationship with his mother, his equally problematic relationship with Ophelia, the “play within the play” and the role of theatricality in Shakespeare’s creation, the peculiar juxtaposition of lightheartedness and morbidity in the Gravedigger’s scene (5.1) and the play as a whole–and, of course, the many reasons why Hamlet continues to speak to us after so many years.
Tonight’s discussion really leaves me feeling humbled. And you know what? I think that’s the mark of a really great work of literature, and a really great play, and a really great group of readers.
We’re moving on to King Lear next month. If you missed tonight’s discussion, or if you want to review it, click on the following link to the podcast.
I’ll “see” you all next month. In the meantime, don’t hesitate to send your thoughts and questions to shakespeare@readingodyssey.org.
Rich
Discussion questions for Hamlet
Dear Friends,
I thought I would publish the discussion questions for our May 18 discussion of Hamlet so you can refer back to them someday…
Rich
*****
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. THE MOUSE-TRAP. If Hamlet were a college student, he would probably have been active in the college theater community. He is a bit of a actor, and the role he plays is madman; he is overjoyed to hear of the players’ arrival; and of course the players’ production of The Mouse-trap is “the thing” he uses to “catch the conscience of the king.” Why does Shakespeare highlight theater, theatricality, acting, play, etc. so extensively within his own play?
2. HAMLET AND HIS MOTHER. Last time, we talked about the relationship between Hamlet and his father. What about the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude? In our last discussion, some of you presented different views about how “old” or “mature” Hamlet is, and about the extent to which he “grows up” or “matures” over the course of the play. When I was in college, my professor argued that a son’s discomfort with his mother’s sexuality is a major source of Hamlet’s anxiety, perhaps even more so than his father’s murder. Do you find any merit to this argument?
3. TRAGEDY AND COMEDY. For me one of the most poignant and powerful moments in the play is the gravediggers’ scene in the churchyard, when they comment on the job they are doing, and then when Hamlet and Horatio join the two fellows and engage in an exchange of wits. The scene deals with timeless themes of life, mutability, and death, and yet has a comic edge that could easily be “dialed up” in production. How would you direct this scene? As you imagine your production of Hamlet, think about the relationship between comedy and tragedy. Is life closer to one than the other? Is one the ground for the other? This is something I’d like to come back to with King Lear and especially with Twelfth Night.
4. LEARNING FROM HAMLET. Hamlet is more than a play to be studied in a classroom. It is a powerful story to be experienced, lived through as it were, and learned from. To put it simply, what does Hamlet mean to you? What’s it been like living with Hamlet these past few weeks?
Xenophon’s Hellenika Books 4 & 5 – May 2010 audio recording
Here’s the audio recording for the Xenophon Books 4 & 5 call. Listen online or download the mp3 file and listen to it as a podcast on your ipod.
Xenophon Books IV & V Study Guide Questions
1. [4.1] Agesilaos the matchmaker<
In 395 B.C., Book IV opens with Agesilaos commanding a foreign expeditionary force in Asia Minor against Persian interests and in Persian territory. Why does Agesilaos feel compelled to arrange a marriage between Otys, king of Paphlagonia, and the daughter of Spithridates? What are his strategic reasons? His personal reasons? How does the Spartan Herippidas both help and hinder Agesilaos’ intentions with this marriage arrangement?
2. [4.2-4.5] Spartans in battle (394-390 B.C.)
Book 4 concerns itself mostly with the land battles raging in Greece between Sparta and an anti-Sparta coalition of Greek city-states. What quotes did you notice as you read about other battles, that showed Xenophon’s bias either one way or another? Does he ever show the Spartans in a less-than-favorable light? If so, how does Xenophon justify a Spartan defeat or setback? Who is Xenophons’ favorite person to write about?
3. [4.6] Agesilaos invades and checks Acarnanian influence? (389 BC)
In order to honor its alliance with Achaea, Sparta sends troops across the Corinthian gulf in order to repel an Acarnanian incursion on Calydos, an Achaean colony. Although the Spartan general Agesilaos sets up a trophy after a hard-fought land battle, he nevertheless withdraws his troops in autumn with little else to claim against the Acarnanians and their imminent threat on the Achaeans. Should the Spartans have done more for the Achaeans? Was Agesilaos as fault in any way? Does what happens in Acarnania really matter to Spartan interests on the macro level? How about earlier in this Book with Sparta’s operations around Corinth? Do you see the Spartans as not strong enough to capture the city of Corinth in Book 4.4-5? What might Xenophon be saying (albeit subtly or even subconsciously) about Spartan power? What could the explanation be for Sparta’s inability to completely subdue Greece? Is mismanagement the issue? Bad luck? Impiety? Lack of favor from the gods? Superior strategy from the other side?
4. [4.7] Piety and Warfare: the Spartan campaign against Argos (388)
Agesipolis leads an invasion of Argos after carefully consulting Zeus and Apollo whether “it would be considered in accord with piety to reject a proclamation of a holy truce when it had been unjustly declared” (4.7.2). Having received positive responses, Agesipolis marshals his troops at Phleious (near the isthmus) and marches southward towards Argos. Xenophon makes an interesting comment on piety and warfare in this section. What oracles were consulted? The campaign begins and ends ritually with specific sacrifices. Why? What portents or omens are described in 4.7? To which deities would each portent/omen be ascribed to in Greek culture? How do we know? Using Agesipolis as his main example of generalship and ritual piety, Xenophon avoids using Agesilaos, why? Why haven’t we heard more about sacrifices before battle in other parts of the Hellenika? [See Appendix J for more information about Ancient Greek Religion.]
5. [4.8] War at sea: Persia and the Greek city-states (394-389 B.C)
Persian interests are fueled by Sparta’s naval setback at Cnidus. With a commingling of so many different interests all fueled by Persian money, Xenophon thus shares this political paradox with us: “…both sides were acting in a way most opposed to their best interests, for the Athenians, who considered the King a friend, were making an alliance with Euagoras, who was fighting against the King, and Teleutias, even though the Spartans were at war with the King, was destroying those who were also sailing the wage war against him” (4.8.24). How are Persian interests understood in this political context? How does Xenophon comment on the way that Persia plays one Greek city-state off another? How effective is Persia’s policy vis-à-vis Greece at this point? Do you think the Persian King is aware of such undercurrents or cross purposes among his subordinates? If so, does he or should he care? What sort of irony is there from the Greek point of view?
6. [4.8-5.1] Athens, Sparta, and the “King’s Peace” (390-387 B.C.)
Xenophon’s narration of events leading up to the “King’s Peace” are summed up well: “The Athenians saw that the enemy’s ships were numerous, and they began to fear that they would be conquered as completely as they had been before; they also saw that the King [of Persia] was now an ally of the Spartans, and they were still being harassed by plundering raids from Aegina” (5.1.29) (p. 183). Looking at these three elements that Xenophon considered so essential in bringing Athens to the bargaining table, were these the result of a deliberate Spartan strategy? If so, what other aspects of making peace could Sparta have tried if these did not work? If not, what ways of defeating the rebellious Greek city-states should Sparta have tried?
7. [5.1-5.4] Spartan Hegemony and the King’s Peace (386-375 B.C.)
What are the effects on Greek city-states after the King’s Peace is ratified? What does Persia get out of it? What does Sparta get out of it? Does any other Greek city-state get anything significant out of this treaty? How does the King’s Peace limit or expand Sparta
n hegemony in Greece?
8. [5.2-5.4] Four Examples of Spartan Policy (385-375 B.C.)
In Book V, Xenophon weaves Spartan intervention in four distinct examples: Mantineia, Phleious, Chalcidice and Thebes. Two locations represent more domestic related interventions (Mantineia and Phleious), while the other two might be considered more foreign territory (i.e. outside the Peloponnese). The events mainly connected to these four areas under Spartan control span the course of about ten years. How does Spartan policy reflect in each of these locations? How does Spartan policy in these areas affect neighboring Greek city-states? Persia? Spartan allies? What is the role of oligarchical versus democratic government in Greece during this time?
Shakespeare Hamlet Act 1 Discussion (Audio)
Dear Friends,
Thank you for a great call tonight! It was great getting to know everyone, and I really enjoyed our discussion of Act 1 of Hamlet. I am totally fascinated by Act 1, Scene 1, and I look forward to discussing how the rest of the play builds on the ideas and themes (confusion, uncertainty, fear) that it introduces. And I look forward to discussing how Hamlet himself, whose character we discussed briefly at the end of the call, develops over the course of the play. If there’s one thing we can all agree on, it’s that he’s a pretty complicated human being.
If you missed tonight’s call and want to listen in, or if you’d like to review it, here’s a link to the audio recording. You can listen online or download the mp3 file and listen to it as a podcast on your iPod:
I look forward to our conversation next month!
All best,
Rich
Reader and listener be – Hamlet on the iPad
The Reading Odyssey’s “Shakespeare in the Spring” program combines 21st century technology with Shakespeare’s early 17th century masterpiece.
How?
Richard Johnston, Harvard postdoc, who is the moderator for the 2010 section of “Shakespeare in the Spring”, recommends we read the text and listen to an audio version of the play at the same time.
So last night, with Apple’s new iPad, I downloaded the Hamlet text from the iBooks application on the iPad and downloaded the podcast of the 1999 BBC’s audio version of Hamlet.
I then opened the ebook to Act 1, Scene 1 and clicked play on the the BBC podcast. Within moments, I had purchased and started listening to/reading Hamlet.
Below is a short video clip showing me reading the words and listening to the BBC actors at the moment when Hamlet’s father – the ghost – reveals himself (Act 1, Scene 5). The quality of the clip is poor but you can get the sense of my reading/listening experience.
This combination of 21st century technology with Shakespeare’s early 17th century masterpiece makes it easier and more fun to read Shakespeare (for the non-expert).
We at the Reading Odyssey are constantly looking for ways to make great literature more accessible and fun. That’s our mission.
What do you think?
What are some other ways to combine technology and great literature that improve the reading experience for the general public?
Phil
20. April 2010 by Arrian
Categories: Commentary, Shakespeare | Tags: Shakespeare | Comments Off on Reader and listener be – Hamlet on the iPad